Jerome, everything you said is absolutely correct--as far as it goes. Just remember that the Supreme Court is not the only body that gets to weigh in on the meaning of the Constitution. It just gets the final say in a dispute that comes before it.
So YES! The Congress of the US DOES have the power (in fact, it has the obligation) to pass laws that require that the states respect that right.
I'm not sure this is entirely correct. The 10th Amendment specifically forbids the federal government to compel the states to enforce federal statutes. That's why FBI background checks and later the NICS checks are done by a federal entity rather than local/state law enforcement.
Once again, absolutely correct. But read Section 5 of the 14th Amendment, "The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article." In other words, the feds do NOT have the power to tell states to enforce federal law. But they DO have the power to invalidate state laws that infringe on the individual rights of their citizens.
And for whatever it's worth, Jerome, I don't think you're as "simple" as you make yourself out to be. You're like me, slowly working your way through this stuff, trying to make sense of it, and trying to help out others with the stuff you've figured out. And, at least in my opinion, you're on the right track.
Take care.
savagegunner